South Asia and the main Issues
Because of the same historical legacy and background and somehow expect Afghanistan all was the part of Colonial rule the challenges of the region are also somehow the same. There are many issues in South Asia but the main are
¶ Political System of South Asian Region
¶ Terrorism
¶ Security issue
Politics is the activity, action, and policy used to acquire and retain power in government or to influence a government or state. And through which a state or government establishes a relationship with other states. A SAARC country does not have a political system. And it is acceptable because all 8 countries have a culture of history and foreign interest. Each country in the region has its own political system.
v Political System and States:
In the region some
states have a monarchial system, some have a democratic and some have a federal
system. Although each country uses its system for the welfare of the government
and people and each country can rule in an accurate way for its people.
States Government System
|
1. Afghanistan |
Islamic
Republic |
|
2. Bangladesh |
Parliamentary
Democracy |
|
3. Bhutan |
Constitutional
Monarchy |
|
4. India |
Federal
Republic |
|
5. Maldives |
Republic |
|
6. Nepal |
Federal
Democratic Republic |
|
7. Pakistan |
Federal
Republic |
|
8. Sri Lanka |
Republic |
Politically the region of South Asia witnessed many problems and ups and downs. This region is politically unstable expect India. India is politically stable since independence India is a democratic state and never sees the military invasion in political matters of government. On the other hand, other nations of the region face instability for example in Pakistan's government is not stable in other words we can say that Pakistan has military rule in government.
Reasons for Political Instability in South Asia:
In the absence of
a democratic form of governance in South-Asia, the political issues are
overtaken by the politics of confrontation. There are many reasons which cause
political instability in the South Asian region. Reasons are:
i. 1. The main problem of South Asia is the
ideological difference and the root of the conflict started among the people
from ancient civilizations and old empires.
ii. .2. Other causes are religious, linguistic, castes,
ethnic and economic disparities, and uneven resource distribution. It is not a
problem between the states but also a problem within the state.
iii. 3. Another cause of political turbulence is
mutual suspicion and mistrust and a lack of confidence in each other’s motives
and intentions.
High the growth rate of
population and scarcity of resources collectively creates opportunities for
socio-political and economic instability in the region.
iv. 1. One major issue of South Asia is the War on
Terror.
v. 2. Kashmir also a problem of conflicts between
India and Pakistan.
vi. 3. In Nepal, the monarchy is a problem for active
politics.
vii. For Afghanistan problem started in 1980 when the
S.U withdrawal and the US abandoned Afghanistan and the fight began against the
Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It causes a problem for the whole
South Asian Region.
Security:
Security is the main
problem of the South Asian region since 1998 when 2 major powers of South Asia
acquiring nuclear capability. Since 1998 states have shifted the focus and
concern in South Asia to its nuclear dimensional. India and Pakistan are two
main states in the region both have so many problems between them and the main
bone of contention is Kashmir. Because of Kashmir, they fought many wars also.
South Asia inscribes a unique security system within the international security
system. Some features are that are unique as a “security system” need greater
recognition.
Ø The tensions and instability that have marked
the relation between 2 states. since the birth of India and Pakistan they face
many ups and down the major 3 issues between them are:
§ Kashmir
§ Siachen
§ Nuclearization.
Ø India dominates the South Asian region in
political and strategic terms. She dominates the region with her size,
population, policies, natural resources, military, and economic power.
Ø Economy deprivation illiteracy and unemployment
provide a fertile ground for tolerance and extremism which in turn promotes
conflict and violence within societies.
Ø The the regime also racked by the issues and
problems of ethnic problem religion and sectarian problem.
Ø The other main challenges of security for the South Asia region are terrorism.
Security threat of South Asia:
The security threat or
challenges of South Asia divided into 3 categories:
Regional
Internal
International
Regional Factors:
Few regional factors affect
the South Asia security dilemma.
Ø Military forces
Ø Kashmir issue
Ø Nuclear issue
Ø Terrorism
Ø Ethnicity
Ø Minorities
Issue
International factors:
Some international
issues also cause the problem in the South Asian region.
À China and America's interest in South Asia.
À A new challenge is opposed to the development
and deployment of ballistic missile defense and threat missile systems.
À Globalization and liberalization also are the
main security implications. This phenomenon has occurred alongside the progress
and development of information technology which raises or generated the
expectation in the citizens.
Internal Factors:
q Poverty and unemployment also a reason for
security problems in South Asia because these region states are very bottom in
the world.
q This region also faces human rights and
development problems.
q Other reasons for instability in the region the
problem of clean water, education, and food. Because of this insufficiency,
people live their life in nasty and short.
q Political instability also causes a problem of security.
Architecture of Security:
The security
architecture consists of 4 pillars, they are:
Ñ Nuclear and missile restraint by Pakistan and
India.
Ñ Agreement on Arms control
Ñ Peaceful agreement of Kashmir and other
disputes.
Ñ Revival of the economy and social problems
through global integration.
To eliminate the
security problems in the region it is only possible if we settle the disputes
between India and Pakistan and increase the relationship among and between the
states. Also, provide the people food shelter, and jobs because these factors
as such not directly affect the state or region security but contribute a share
in it. Because people adopt the profession as a terrorist thief or murderer
when their basic needs didn’t fill by the state.
Terrorism:
Terrorism is one of the
main issues for south Asia especially for Pakistan and Afghanistan and somehow
for India. The war on terrorism instead of eliminating terrorism has turned it
into a many-headed monster if its one head is slain, it protrudes another more
dangerous than ever. Now the non-state actors-the terrorist movements are
getting stronger than the nation-states. Linking terrorism only with the Muslim
world will create conflict among the civilizations and the world would this
time be divided based on religious ideological clash. The non-state
actors-terrorist movements will become powerful actors in world affairs and
south Asia became the Hub for terrorist activities. Pakistan is labeled as the
safe Heavens for Terrorists. And in Afghanistan terrorist made their Government
which knows as Taliban government. The war on terror started by the USA in 2001
after the 9/11 scenario in Afghanistan against the Taliban increasing terrorism
in the region. Pakistan faced many terrorist attacks after 9/11 especially in
North Pakistan and the Indians claimed that the attacks which happed in India
like the Mumbai attack and Pathankot incidents sponsored by Pakistan. Terrorism
is the main issue for South Asia which shaped their policies and influenced
their system. Terrorism in South Asia is like an action-reaction cycle. How
long the War continued how much terrorism increased in the region and the
world.
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